Sexual Differentiation and Function | Human Endocrine System Physiology
You can better understand the full process of how an undifferentiated zygote develops the ability to distinguish between sexes, changes that occur during puberty, and the sexual response cycle by watching this video on sexual differentiation.
▬ 🕘 Timestamps
00:00 - Sexual differentiation and function physiology
02:06 - Sex-determining Region of Y-Chromosome
06:23 - Link to video lectures on sqadia.com
▬ 📌 Sexual Differentiation
Undifferentiated gonads are apparent after about 4 to 6 weeks of gestation. During this period both the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) and the Wolffian ducts (mesonephric ducts) are present. At about the 7th week of gestation:
In males - The testes start secreting testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Their presence along with the SRY gene, causes the Wolffian ducts to develop and form male accessory sex organs, including the vas deferens, epididymis, and seminal vesicles. While the Müllerian duct degenerates here.
In females - Ovaries secrete estrogen, but not anti-müllerian hormone or testosterone. Müllerian ducts develop to form female accessory sex organs, including fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper one-third of the vagina. While the Wolffian ducts degenerate.
▬ 📌 Physiology of Puberty
At puberty, the hypothalamus releases a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Which then stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary called gonadotrophs, to secrete gonadotropins.
Gonadotropins include:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
causes the release of Androgen-Binding Protein in males, and causes the maturation of follicles in females.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes the secretion of the hormone, testosterone in males. While, it triggers ovulation and corpus luteum is formed, which causes the release of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.
The first sign of puberty in girls is the thelarche (breast development). This is followed by Pubarche (growth of pubic and axillary hair), and after that is menarche (first menstrual cycle).
An Important signal of sexual maturity in males includes spermarche (first ejaculation of semen).
You can learn about other changes at puberty, that occur in males and females, in the video.
▬ 📌 Sexual Response in Males and Females
The hypothalamus regulates overall libido under the influence of higher centers and the hormonal environment.
Well, in both males and females, the sexual response cycle comprises 4 phases. That is:
🔹Excitement
🔹Plateau
🔹Orgasm
🔹and Resolution
Though the phases are the same, the time and intensity of these phases, vary from person to person.
The video teaches you a lot more about these stages of the sexual response cycle in both males and females. So, do check it out!
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